Lesson 3

Accusative

In order to indicate that a noun is the object of verb, we append 'n' to the noun and also to its adjectives, which in unlike English. The 'n' ending is also used with adverbs of place, to indicate 'change of place' , and it can also be used when a preposition is omitted.

Examples of usage:

Mi trinkas akvon (akv-o-n) = i drink water.

Mi venos lundon (lund-o-n) = i'll come on Monday.

// included some explanation of accusative case.

//from bing translator, oxford dictionary/

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// included some explanation of correlative conjunctions

/source bing translator, oxford dictionary/

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Sufixes

Placed between the root and the end of the word.

• Names of living beings:

+ul (person): juna = young, junulo = a young

+an (member): urbo = city, urbano = a citizen

+ist (profession): pano = bread, panisto =baker

+in (feminine): patro = father, patrino = mother

+id (offspring): koko = rooster, kokido = chick

+estr (chief): urbo = city, urbestro = mayor

• Names of things:

+aj (concrete): nova = new, novaĵo = the news

+il (tool): tranĉi = cut, tranĉilo = knife

+ar (collective): arbo = tree, arbaro = forest

+er (element): mono = money, monero = coin

+ej (place): panejo = bakery

+uj (container): monujo = purse

+ing (holder): kandelo = candle, kandelingo = candlestick

• Abstract nouns:

+ec (quality): bela = beautiful, beleco = beauty

+ism: nacio = nation, naciismo = nationalism

• Qualifiers:

+ebl (capability): manĝebla = edible

+em (inclination): kredi = believe, kredema = credulous

+ind (worthy): ridi = laught, ridinda = ridiculous

+end (duty): pagi = pay, pageda = outstanding

• Verbial:

+ig (transitive): domo = house, dometo = cottage

+iĝ (intransitive) ruĝiĝi = to get red, to blush

• Universal:

+et (diminutive): domo = house, dometo = cottage

+eg (augmentative): domego = mansion

+aĉ (pejorative): domaĉo = hovel, slum

+ad (continuty): parolado = lecture

+um (other uses): brako = arm, brakumi = embrace

Prefixes

Placed between the root and the end of the word.

mal+ (opposite): bela = beautiful, malbela = ugly

re+ (repetition): legi = read, relegi = read again

eks+ (past state): eksministro = ex-minister

mis+ (error): miskompreni = misunderstand

ek+ (sudden start): ridi = laught,

ekridi = burst out laughing

bo+ (in-law): bopatro = father-in-law

pra+ (generation before): avo = grandfather

praavo = great-grandfather

fi+ (shame): fama = famous, fifama = ill reputed

dis+ (separate): doni = give, dosdoni = distribute

ge+ (bi-gender address): gepatroj = parents

Word Creation

Esperanto is bit like Lego blocks. All you need to do is start combining pieces on a solid base, and you will build something pieces on a solid base, and you will build something new. In the same way, you can easily create words using suffixes and prefixes, and combining roots:

vapor+ ŝip + o (vapor + ship) = steam boat

okul + vitr + o+ j (eye + glasses) = eye glasses

sam + temp + e (same+time+ly) = at the same time

Participles

• Active participles:

Li estas kantinta = he has sung

Li estas kantanta = He is singing (right now)

Li estas kantonta = He is going to sing

Vi estis skribinta = You had written

Vi estis skribanta = You were writting

Vi estis skribonta = You were going to write

ŝi estos foririnta = She will have left

ŝi estos foriranta = She will be leaving

ŝi estos forironta = She will be going to leave

• passive participles:

La akvo estas trinkita = The water is drunk

La akvo estas trinkata = The water is being drunk

La akvo estas trinkota = The water is going to be drunk

La pano estis manĝita = The bread had been eaten

La pano estis manĝata = The bread was being eaten

La pano estis manĝota = The bread going to be eaten

La foto estos vidita = The photo will have been seen

La foto estos vidata = The photo will be being seen

La foto estos vidota = The photo will be about to be seen